EDGE is the next step in the evolution of GSM and IS- 136. The objective of the new technology is to increase data transmission rates and spectrum efficiency and to facilitate new applications and increased capacity for mobile use. With the introduction of EDGE in GSM phase 2+, existing services such as GPRS and high-speed [...]
Internet
IP Address Classes
There are five different IP address classes: A,B,C,D AND E. These are designed to cover the needs of different types of organization. The first few bits of the 32 bit IP address determines the type of address class to which IP address belongs. Class A If the first bit is 0 then the given address [...]
INTERNET (IP) ADDRESSING
There is a need to identify the host systems on the Internet uniquely irrespective of the underlying network technology used. Also the addressing mechanism used should be such that very minimum logic is required to identify the network to which the host is connected in the Internet so that routing becomes easy and efficient. Routing [...]
Services offered by TCP
TCP can be characterized by the following facilities it provides for the applications using it : Stream Data Transfer TCP provides stream data transfer service, which means the destination process receives the stream of data in exactly the same manner it is sent by the source process. Unlike in datagram service,there is no concept of [...]
TCP – Transmission Control Protocol
Apart from the IP, the protocol which is responsible for widespread usage of TCP/IP model for computer to computer communication network is the TCP.It is the combination of TCP at the transport layer and IP at the network layer which is largely responsible for success of this model. One of the reasons for a communication [...]
UDP – USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL
UDP is the protocol which provides process-to-process communication instead host-to-host communication. UDP is a connectionless, unreliable transport protocol. It does not add anything to the services of IP except for providing process-to-process communication. Also, it performs very limited error checking. Because of its simplicity, it is more efficient. Establishing a connection with the destination process [...]
RARP – REVERSE ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL
In some local area networks there would be a powerful computer which as a server. Connected to that would be several hosts which will not have any disks ( hard disk / floppy disk). People would use these hosts as the front end system and would be connected to the server over the network. Eventually [...]
ARP Packet format
Hardware Type This is a 16–bit field defining the type of the network on which the ARP is running. Each LAN has been assigned an integer based on its type. For example,Ethernet has type 1. Protocol Type This is a 16-bit field defining the protocol, which is required the ARP service. The value of this [...]
ARP – ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL
The ARP protocol is a network-specific standard protocol. The address resolution protocol is responsible for converting the higher level protocol addresses ( IP addresses) to physical network addresses. It is described in RFC 826. IP layer provides a virtual or logical network view to the higher layer protocols where –in-each host is identified by the [...]
TYPES OF IP ROUTING
There are two types of IP routing : direct and indirect. Direct Routing If the destination host is attached to the same physical network as the source host, IP datagrams can be directly exchanged. This is called direct delivery and is referred to as direct routing. Direct routing occurs when both source and destination hosts [...]
ROUTING OF IP PACKETS
An IP packet on the internet may have to travel across many networks before it reaches the destination host. Two networks are interconnected by a device named router (or gateway – which is the generalized term). In the Internet a router or gateway would have connected to at least two but in practice many networks.When [...]
INTERNET PROTOCOL
The IP module is central to the success of internet technology. The Internet Protocol or IP builds a single logical network from multiple physical networks. In other words this layer shields the higher levels from the typical network architecture below it. Thus Internet Protocol (IP) is the most important protocol. The higher layers see only [...]
ADDRESSING IN TCP/IP
TCP/IP model has three different levels of addressing: Physical (Link) address Internetwork (IP) address Transport or Port address Physical address This is the address of a node at the datalink layer as defined by the LAN OR WAN .It is included in the frame sent by the datalink layer. This address determines the host system [...]
