Given below are the various commands & steps which are used to startup & open the database for accessing it in Oracle. STARTUP Command Behavior Order of precedence: spfileSID.ora Default SPFILE initSID.ora Default PFILE Specified PFILE can override precedence. STARTUP PFILE = $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/initDBA1.ora PFILE can indicate to use SPFILE. SPFILE = /database/startup/spfileDBA1.ora Starting Up [...]
Continue reading → ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) : A set of standards that allow applications that are not dependent on any one specific database to process SQL statements against any database that supports SQL Many tools in the Windows (and Unix) environment can take advantage of a common framework known as ODBC, which stands for Open Database Connectivity. [...]
Continue reading → The many benefits of a knowledge Management System include : Improved decision making Improved customer service Enhanced employee skills Increased profits Orchids Inc, wants to implement a Knowledge Management System. The majority of their time is spent on their employees, processes and procedural issues. These places of information existed in the business but in bits [...]
Continue reading → In order to convert a table to BCNF, we must : Find and remove the overlapping candidate keys. Place the part of the candidate key and the attribute it is functionally dependent on, in a different table. Group the remaining items into a table. Hence,from the PROJECT table( refer to the Boycee-Codd Normal Form [...]
Continue reading → The original definition of 1NF was inadequate in some situations. It was not satisfactory for the tables: That had multiple candidate keys. Where the multiple candidate keys were composite Where the multiple candidate keys overlapped (had atleast one attribute to common) Therefore, a new normal form, the BCNF was introduced. You must understand that [...]
Continue reading → Inorder to convert a table into 3NF we must : Find and remove non-key attributes that are functionally dependent on attributes that are not the primary key. Place them in a different table. Group the remaining attributes. As for example, to convert the table Employee ( refer to the Third Normal Form (3NF) link : http://churmura.com/third-normal-form-3nf/) into [...]
Continue reading → A table is said to be in 3NF when it is in 2NF and every non-key attributes is functionally dependent only on the primary key. Consider the table EMPLOYEE The problems with dependencies of this kind are: Insertion : The department head of a new department that does not have any employees at present cannot [...]
Continue reading → The tasks involved in building a Data Mining database are as follows : Collecting the data (involves identifying the sources of data) Selecting the Data to be processed Preprocessing the data (data quality assessment) Transforming the data Analyzing the results Implementing the knowledge gained Collecting the Data The first step is to identify the data [...]
Continue reading → Consider the scenario, Orchids Inc. wants to determine if families with incomes between $20,000 and $35,000 who subscribe to sports magazines are potential buyers of a new sportswear that they are going to launch in the market. They want to mine previously available customer information to make this strategic decision. Different tools are used to [...]
Continue reading → Inorder to convert a table into 2NF, we must : Find and remove attributes that are functionally dependent on only a part of the key and not on the whole key. Place them in a different table. Group the remaining attributes. To convert the table PROJECT( refer the Second Normal form (2NF) Link : http://churmura.com/second-normal-form-2nf/) into [...]
Continue reading → A table is said to be in 2NF when it is in 1NF and every attribute in the row is functionally dependent upon the whole key, and not just part of the key. Consider the PROJECT table . The table has the following rows : This situation could lead to the following problems : Insertion [...]
Continue reading → OLAP Systems provide an analysis and database framework that facilities the querying of complex and large data sets in business transactions. At Orchids Inc., the Strategic Sales team feels the need to provide an additional incentive to attract international customers to their product offerings. They want to launch a collection of apparels and accessories that [...]
Continue reading → Efficient business transactions form the core of any successful business venture. The zeal for widening the customer domain has made business organizations adopts Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) methods. OLTP tool are a set of programs that facilitate and manage transaction oriented applications, typically for the data entry and retrieval processes. However, today’s online transaction processing [...]
Continue reading → A Data Mart is a customized smaller version of a Data Warehouse. Data Marts are smaller and focused on the customization needs of a particular department and the end users. These provide inputs to the Decision Support System for the department. Purpose of a Data Mart : The collection of numerous Data Marts together constitutes [...]
Continue reading → Data Modeling is defined as the process whereby, integrated data obtained from divergent sources is modeled to map to the users perspective. There are different types of Data Models that can be used to organize data to target specific Data Warehousing applications. A dimension is any category of stored information, for example a product. It [...]
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