Interpreter

An interpreter is a translating program for the purpose of converting high level language into machine level language. An interpreter translates only one statement of a high level language at a time. After translation the statement is immediately executed. This is in contrast to the compiler which translates the entire source program into object program. This object code is saved permanently for future use and is used every time the program is to be executed. In this manner repeated compilation is not necessary for repeated execution of a program. However in the case of the interpreter the object program is not stored because the translation and the execution take place alternately. So if a statement is to be used again then it must be interpreted again.

The advantage of an interpreter over the compiler is fast response to the changes in the source program. Moreover, the compiler is a complex program compared to an interpreter. Interpreter are easy to write and do not require large memory space in the computer. The interpreter however is a time consuming translation method because each statement must be translated every time it is executed from the source program. Thus a compiled machine language program runs much faster than an interpreted one.

Hackers and crackers

Internet security means a lot today. There are various people who try to leak the important information of the computer. They violate the computer security. A hacker is the person who has enough knowledge to break into the computer system or facility, although he or she does not cause any harm to the computer system or the organization. A cracker on the other hand is a computer thief who breaks into the computer system with wrong intentions that is for stealing passwords. Passwords are the set of characters that help us to log on a system or to access a program. This is all done for the fun or for benefit.
A hacker can help an organization by informing that there are some security lapses in the system. For example, the password of some financially sound company in a bank can be broken by a hacker but no transfer of money is done. On the other hand, crackers can cause financial damages and injure the competitiveness of a firm. For example, in 1991 a major U.S. automobile manufacturer company lost 500$ million worth of designs for future cars, due to security breach at the security breach at the research facility and suffered in the market because its designs fell into the hands of its competitors.
Hackers are basically thrill seekers who use information technology rather than fast cars. They spend their time learning how systems work at a deep level and exploit this information to roam the information highways seeking out adventure. They have bulletin boards for sharing information, regular meetings. Hackers are learners an explorer who want to help rather than cause damage and who often have high standards of behavior the only difference between them is that the crackers are criminals.

Editor

A readymade program is known as utility. An editor is also a utility for creating and modifying text through the user terminal. The text may be any document, program in any computer language or data required by the program. Generally the text is stored on the disk as a file using a filename. An editor is also available with almost all the computer languages having features of file creation, modification deletion, insertion and text movement. It works under the control of the operating system. When an editor is used, control is transferred from the operating system to the editor. WordStar is also an example of editor.

Difference between the Web and the Web

The Internet is a network of networks. Basically it is made from computers and cables. The information on the net is end in the form of the packets. The packets are a bit like a postcard with a simple address on it. If you put the right address on a packet, and gave it to any computer which is connected as part of the net, each computer would figure out which cable to send it down next so that it would get to its destination. That what the Internet does. It delivers packets anywhere in the world, that too takes place in a second.
Lots of different sort of programs use the Internet: electronic mail, for example, was around long before the global hypertext system was invented and called the World Wide Web. Now, videoconferencing and streamed audio channels are among other things which like the Web, encode information in different ways and use different languages between computers to do provide a service.
The Web is an imaginary space of information. On the net, you find computers- on the Web; you find document, sounds, videos and information. On the net, the connections are cables between computers on the Net. The Web could not be without Net. The Web made the net useful because people are really interested in information and don’t really want to have know about computers and cables.

Compiler

Everyone today must be aware of the fact that the computer only understands machine language. So a program written in high level language needs to be translated into machine language before it can be executed by the computer. This job of translation is done with the help of the software program. This program in case of the high level language is called the compiler. A compiler is called because for every program instruction of a high level language, it compiles a set of machine language instructions. A program written in a high level language is known as the source program. The program obtained after compilation is known as the object program.
Every language has its own compiler and it can translate only those programs which are written in that particular language. Compilers are large programs which reside permanently on secondary storage. When a program is to be compiled the computer is copied into the main memory of the computer and is executed in the CPU. During compilation the compiler analyses each statement in the source program and generates a sequence of machine instructions.
Besides translating the instructions in high level language into machine language instructions, the compiler also brings out any errors related to any syntax (grammar) or semantics (meaning) of the specified high level language. The compiler is capable of detecting the illegal characters, illegal combination of characters and also the improper sequencing of instructions in the program.
A source program containing errors diagnosed by the compiler will not be translated into object program. The compiler will print out the list of errors. These errors can then be corrected and the program can be recompiled. The compiler can, however, not diagnose logical errors that is errors present in the logic of the program. Logical errors are detected only after getting the result. So, one must take the program coding seriously.

Borland compiler

Borland is the company which creates compilers. Earlier, they released a version of C++ called Turbo C++ that was popular for programming in the DOS environment. Its webpage has the information of the compiler. They are too giving away a new version of the compiler Borland C++ 5.5 for free download. The registration on this site takes place immediately. Compiler is used to comnvert a high level language program into machine language program.

Setting up of your compiler
Once you’ve downloaded the Borland compiler, you can take the default installation options, including the default directory, “c:\Borland\BCC55″. Once you’ve done that, follow the instructions below to get the compiler ready to use.
• First, we need to tell the compiler where to find the include files and supporting libraries. To do this, open up notepad (or any other text editor) and paste the following two lines into a blank file:
• -I”c:\Borland\Bcc55\include”
• -L”c:\Borland\Bcc55\lib”
• Save this file in notepad as “c:\borland\bcc55\bin\bcc32.cfg”. To do this, just go to “Save As” under the “File” menu, then type the entire file name, in quotes, into notepad. You need to include the quotes to keep it from adding a .txt extension.
• Now paste the following line into a new blank text file:
-L”c:\Borland\Bcc55\lib”
• Save this new file as “c:\borland\bcc55\bin\ilink32.cfg”
Great, now you’re ready to start writing and compiling programs.

Compiling and Testing your Installation
Since Borland C++ 5.5 is a command-line tool, you will need to run it from the command line. Before trying to compile a program, you’ll need to actually write some code to test the compiler. You can do this in notepad, or download a better text editor. At any rate, you’ll want to save the file in the “c:\borland\bcc55\bin” directory. If you save it in notepad, be sure to enclose the name in quotes to make it a “.cpp” file instead of a “.txt” file.

Here’s a simple program you can copy into notepad and save as “c:\borland\bcc55\bin\test.cpp” to test your compiler’s installation:
#include

int main()
{
std::cout<< "I work!" << std::endl;
}
Borland C++'s compiler is actually named "bcc32" and it is located in the "c:\borland\bcc55\bin" directory; the below instructions will take you through compiling your first program.

Compiling the program
• Go to start, click on run, and type “Command”, and hit enter.
• Now, type “cd c:\borland\bcc55\bin” and hit enter.
• You should be in the above directory now (your prompt should read: “c:\Borland\BCC55\Bin”); if not, check that you typed it correctly.
• Type in “bcc32 test.cpp” and hit enter. This should result in the following output if everything worked:
• test.cpp:
• You can now run your test program by typing “test.exe” and hitting enter. You should see the text as:
I work!

Assembler

A computer can only understand machine language and no other program. Hence, the programs written in other languages must be converted into the machine language of the computer. Machine language is the language which is directly understood by the computer. Such translation is performed with the help of the software. A program which translates an assembly language program into a machine language program is called an assembler. An assembler which runs on the computer for which t produces object codes (Machine code) is called a self assembler (or Resident assembler). The Assembler is actually a complicated program written in machine language. A program written in machine language is program is called an object program. An assembler is a look up table which contains machine language and memory addresses used in the assembly language.
An assembly language program that is the source program is fed to the computer through an input device. The assembler program present in the computer memory translates this source program to an equivalent machine language program called the object program by translating one instruction at a time.
The assembler reads the program twice. During first reading it develops the table of names used in the source program, assigns and stores the numerical address for each name. Then the second reading it translates the instructions into machine language and generates the object program. The object program is stored in the disk. The errors in the program like syntax errors are also pointed out during the assembly process such an assembler is called the two pass assembler. There is also the One Pass Assembler which reads the assembly program only once.

Message passing in the Object Oriented Programming

An Object Oriented Programming consists of a set of objects that communicate with each other. The process of programming in an object- oriented language, involves creation of classes that define objects and their behavior, creating of objects from class definitions and establishment of communication among different objects. Objects communicate with one another b sending and receiving information much the same way as people pass messages to one another. The concept of message passing makes it easier to talk about building systems that directly model or stimulate their real world counterparts. A message from an object is a request for execution of a procedure and therefore will invoke a function in the receiving object that generates the desired result. Message passing involves specifying the name of the object, the name of the function (message) and the information to be sent.

No problem is itself a problem

Life is a journey of many ups and downs, and not always a bed of roses. Troubles and disappointments are the inevitable parts of life. It depends on the person on how he lives his life. To lead a happy life is not a boring or a difficult job. All the person has to do let himself flow where the times takes and enjoy every moment of his life. It all depends on your attitude. Happiness is not a thing that comes to you by itself; you have to look for it in every common thing. By adopting a positive attitude, life seems to be an adventurous journey. The art of being happy lies in the power of extracting happiness from the common things.
Try to live each moment of your life happily and it is very precious. Utilize it judiciously. Do not worry about the past or future. Positive emotions give you energy while the negative emotions let you down. Firm determination, simplicity, humbleness, positive attitude and an effort to achieve targeted goals in life are the key factors of a happy life. On the other side, hatred, envy, negative attitude and ill feeling for others are the key factors that give you a miserable life. Learn to enjoy the little things life and see the difference. Always try to satisfy yourself with whatever you have. Happiness is like a butterfly which when pursued is beyond your grasp, but if sit down, it may land upon you.

How much urine can a urinary bladder hold?

The National Institutes of Health found out that a healthy urinary bladder can hold up to 16 ounces (2 cups) of urine. Circular muscles present in the urinary bladder close tightly to keep urine from leaking. The involuntary leakage of urine is called incontinence. The excess water accumulates in the urinary bladder. Nerves in the bladder indicate you when it is the time to empty. The person feels the sensation when the bladder reaches it maximum limit.
When a person urinates, the brain signals the sphincter muscles to relax. At that time, the brain signals the bladder muscles to squeeze, thus allowing urine to flow through the urethra. When these signals occur in sequence, normal urination occurs. The problems in the urinary system are mainly caused due to illness, aging or an injury. Due to which the muscles around the bladder tend to weaken with the age. Weak bladder muscles may leave you at a higher risk for urinary tract infections.

Genes behind stuttering discovered

Stuttering is a speech disorder in which a person prolongs sounds or repeats words, syllables or words, disrupting the normal flow of speech. Stuttering may be inherited from ancestors. After a long time, scientists are able to identify specific genetic alterations which are behind this speech disorder. For hundreds of years, the reason behind this has remained a mystery. This study has been conducted by the organization named National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD). This will lead to the expansion of the new treatment options. The therapies which are available now focus on the strategies as reducing anxiety, regulating breathing and rate of speech and also using electronic devices which focus on improving fluency.

Stuttering is received from the ancestors. Previous study pointed to the chromosome 12 as a place where the disorder is found. A chromosome is a long sequence of DNA on which many genes reside. In the recent study, the researchers have a closer look at the chromosome. They identified mutations in a gene known as GNPTAB. This gene is carried by all ancestors. It gives cell instructions for making an enzyme that assists in breaking down and recycling cellular components. In the survey nearly 123 individuals were identified who stutter- 46 from original families and 77 were unrelated. Also 96 unrelated Pakistan’s who don’t stutter but served as controls. The researchers found the same mutation in different Pakistani family. The scientists too examine the two other genes which were tied to the role of GNPTAB. They found that the people who stuttered showed alteration in the genes whereas the control groups did not. The newly found stuttering genes are believed to develop various metabolic disorders such as improper break down of cell waste and causing deposits to build up in their cells. This waste can lead to the health problems in the body’s joints, skeletal system, heart and liver as well as the developmental problems in the brain.
But there a question arises that why the people who stutter don’t have these metabolic disorders. For this, the person is needed to have the two defective copies of a gene. But the people who stuttered had only one copy of the gene. The researches open new treatment ways. The researchers do aspire if enzyme replacement therapy would work in the future. The main motive is to find how the metabolic defects may affect structures within the brain that are essential for human speech.

Polymorphism in Object oriented Programming

Polymorphism is another important OOP concept. Polymorphism, a Greek term, means the ability to take more than one form. An operation ay exhibit different behaviors in different instances. The behavior depends upon the types of data used in the operation. For example, consider the operation of addition. For two numbers, the operation will generate a sum. If the operands are strings, then the operation would produce a third string by concatenation. The process of making an operator to exhibit different behaviors in different instances is known as operator overloading.
Polymorphism is similar to the particular world having several different meanings depending on the context. Using a single function name to perform different types of tasks is known as the function overloading. It plays an important role in allowing objects having different internal structures to share the same external interface. This means that a general class of operations may be accessed in the same manner even though specific actions associated with each operation may differ. It is extensively used in implementing inheritance. Inheritance is a process by which objects of one class acquire the properties of objects of another class.

What is C++?

C++ is an object oriented programming language. It was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at AT&T Bell Laboratories in the Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA, in the early 1980’s. Stroustrup, an admirer of Simula67 and a strong supporter of C, wanted to combine the best of the languages and create a more powerful language that could support object oriented programming features and still retain the power and elegance of C. the result was C++. Therefore, C++ is an extension of C with a major addition of the class construct feature of Simula67. Since the class was a major addition of the class construct feature of Simula67. Since the class was a major addition to the original C language, Stroustrup initially called the new language ‘C with classes’. However, later in 1983, the name was changed to C++. The idea of C++ comes from the C increment operator ++, thereby suggesting that C++ is an augmented (incremented) version of C.
During the early 1990’s the language underwent a number of improvements and changes. In November 1997, the ANSI/ISO standards committee standardized. These changes and several new features were added to the language specifications. C++ is a superset of C. Most of what we already know about C applies to C++ also. Therefore, almost all C programs are also C++ programs. However, there are few minor differences that will prevent C programs to run under C++ compiler. The most important facilities that C++ adds on to C are classes, inheritance, function overloading and operator overloading. These features enable creating of abstract data types, inherit properties from existing data types and support polymorphism, thereby making C++ a truly object oriented language.
The object oriented features in C++ allow programmers to build large programs with clarity, extensibility and ease of maintenance, incorporating the spirit and efficiency of C. the addition of new features has transformed C from a language that currently facilitates top- down, structured design, to one that provides bottom up, object oriented design.

Low IQ may prove harmful for your heart

IQ is the strongest predictor of the heart diseases, after smoking. This has been reported by the Britain’s Medical Search Council. People with the lower intelligence scores- as reflected by the low results on written or oral tests of IQ- had higher rates of heart diseases and death than all other risk factors except smoking, it was found. The study revealed risk factors which include obesity and high cholesterol, were not part of the top five risk factors. The top five risk factors include smoking, low IQ, low income, high systolic and low physical activity.

The data about 1,145 men and women was collected who aged around 55. Data was collected for height, weight, blood pressure, smoking, habits’ , physical activity, education and occupation, while IQ was assessed using a standard test of general intelligence. IQ is not inherited and it often indicates inequalities in social status, education and experience. People with lower IQ are more likely to be less educated. It underlines the need to fast track the health literacy, not only in urban areas but also in rural areas.

What are the differences between C and C++?

C++ is a superset of C. It means that a C++ computer is able to compile any C program but reverse is not true. C programmer can omit functions prototype as they are optional in C programs but it is compulsory to declare function prototype in the C++ program. C++ defines two new operators, new and delete to manage the dynamic memory allocation function which can be used in places of malloc () and free () in C.
Unlike C which requires all the declarations to be made at the beginning of the scope, C++ permits us to make declarations at any point in the program. A new operator:: known as the scope resolution operator has been introduced to access an item that is outside the current scope. It is also used for distinguishing class members and defining class methods. In C++, we have inheritance, encapsulation, object and classes and data abstraction and hiding, polymorphism which are not present in C. In C++, to eliminate the cost of calls to small functions, it supports a concept known as inline functions, which is inserted wherever a call to that function appears. In C, we use goto to jump into a block f code, past a variable declaration and initialization. C++ does not permit goto to skip on initialization.