NOW it is a day of touch .in everywhere the power of touch screen is determined.A type of display screen that has a touch-sensitive transparent panel covering the screen. Instead of using a pointing device such as a mouse or light pen, you can use your finger to point directly to objects on the screen.Touch-screens are typically found on larger displays, in phones with integrated PDA features. Most are designed to work with either your finger or a special stylus. A touchscreen is an input device that allows users to operate a PC by simply touching the display screen. Touch input is suitable for a wide variety of computing applications. A touchscreen can be used with most PC systems as easily as other input devices such as track balls or touch pads. A touch screen sensor is a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface. The touch sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area of the panel covers the viewable area of the video screen. There are several different touch sensor technologies on the market today, each using a different method to detect touch input. The sensor generally has an electrical current or signal going through it and touching the screen causes a voltage or signal change. This voltage change is used to determine the location of the touch to the screen.
TOUCH SCREENS-
EDGE TECHNOLOGY
EDGE is the next step in the evolution of GSM and IS- 136. The objective of the new technology is to increase data transmission rates and spectrum efficiency and to facilitate new applications and increased capacity for mobile use. With the introduction of EDGE in GSM phase 2+, existing services such as GPRS and high-speed circuit switched data (HSCSD) are enhanced by offering a new physical layer. The services themselves are not modified. EDGE is introduced within existing specifications and descriptions rather than by creating new ones. This paper focuses on the packet-switched enhancement for GPRS, called EGPRS. GPRS allows data rates of 115 kbps and, theoretically, of up to 160 kbps on the physical layer. EGPRS is capable of offering data rates of 384 kbps and, theoretically, of up to 473.6 kbps.
A new modulation technique and error-tolerant transmission methods, combined with improved link adaptation mechanisms, make these EGPRS rates possible. This is the key to increased spectrum efficiency and enhanced applications, such as wireless Internet access, e-mail and file transfers.
GPRS/EGPRS will be one of the pacesetters in the overall wireless technology evolution in conjunction with WCDMA. Higher transmission rates for specific radio resources enhance capacity by enabling more traffic for both circuit- and packet-switched services. As the Third-generation Partnership Project (3GPP) continues standardization toward the GSM/EDGE radio access network (GERAN), GERAN will be able to offer the same services as WCDMA by connecting to the same core network. This is done in parallel with means to increase the spectral efficiency. The goal is to boost system capacity, both for real- time and best-effort services, and to compete effectively with other third-generation radio access networks such as WCDMA and cdma2000.
Technical differences between GPRS and EGPRS
Introduction
Regarded as a subsystem within the GSM standard, GPRS has introduced packet-switched data into GSM networks. Many new protocols and new nodes have been introduced to make this possible. EDGE is a method to increase the data rates on the radio link for GSM. Basically, EDGE only introduces a new modulation technique and new channel coding that can be used to transmit both packet-switched and circuit-switched voice and data services. EDGE is therefore an add-on to GPRS and cannot work alone. GPRS has a greater impact on the GSM system than EDGE has. By adding the new modulation and coding to GPRS and by making adjustments to the radio link protocols, EGPRS offers significantly higher throughput and capacity.
GPRS and EGPRS have different protocols and different behavior on the base station system side. However, on the core network side, GPRS and EGPRS share the same packet-handling protocols and, therefore, behave in the same way. With EDGE, the same time slot can support more users. This decreases the number of radio resources required to support the same traffic, thus freeing up capacity for more data or voice services. EDGE makes it easier for circuit-switched and packet-switched traffic to coexist.
EDGE technology
EDGE leverages the knowledge gained through use of the existing GPRS standard to deliver significant technical improvements. EDGE can transmit three times as many bits as GPRS during the same period of time. This is the main reason for the higher EDGE bit rates.The data rate of 384 kbps is often used in relation to EDGE. The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has defined 384 kbps as the data rate limit required for a service to fulfill the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) standard in a pedestrian environment. This 384 kbps data rate corresponds to 48 kbps per time slot, assuming an eight-time slot terminal.SOEDGE is more beneficial than gprs technology.
NANO-TECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology is defined as fabrication of devices with atomic or molecular scale precision. Devices with minimum feature sizes less than 100 nanometers (nm) are considered to be products of nanotechnology. Fabrication of nanomachines, nanoelectronics and other nanodevices will undoubtedly solve an enormous amount of the problems faced by mankind today.
Nanotechnology is currently in a very infantile stage. Mirrors that don’t fog, biomimetic paint with a contact angle near 180°, gene chips and fat soluble vitamins in aqueous beverages are some of the first manifestations of nanotechnology.
Nanoscience is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to bring about mature nanotechnology. Focusing on the nanoscale intersection of fields such as physics, biology, engineering, chemistry, computer science and more, nanoscience is rapidly expanding. Nanotechnology centers are popping up around the world as more funding is provided and nanotechnology market share increases. The rapid progress is apparent by the increasing appearance of the prefix “nano” in scientific journals and the news. Thus, as we increase our ability to fabricate computer chips with smaller features and improve our ability to cure disease at the molecular level, nanotechnology is here.
GPRS TECHNOLOGY
Now it is a day of internet.Wireless phone use is taking off around the world. Many of us would no longer know how to cope without our cell phones. Always being connected offers us flexibility in our lifestyles, makes us more productive in our jobs, and makes us feel more secure. So far, voice has been the primary wireless application. But with the Internet continuing to influence an increasing proportion of our daily lives .
In 1999, the primary cellular based data services were Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD), circuit-switched data services for GSM networks, and circuit-switched data service for CDMA networks. All of these services offer speeds in the 9.6 Kbps to 14.4 Kbps range.
The GPRS services will reflect the GSM services with an exception that the GPRS will have a tremendous transmission rate which will make a good impact in the most of the existing services and a possibility of introduction of new services as operators and users (business/private) appreciate the newly introduced technology.
Services such as the Internet, videoconferencing and on-line shopping will be as smooth as talking on the phone, moreover we’ll be able to access these services whether we are at work, at home or traveling. In the new information age, the mobile phone will deliver much than just voice calls. It will become a multi-media communications device, capable of sending and receiving graphic images and video.
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VLSI COMPUTING
Over the past four decades the computer industry has experienced four generations of development, physically marked by the rapid changing of building blocks from relays and vacuum tubes (1940-1950s) to discrete diodes and transistors (1950-1960s), to small- and medium-scale integrated (SSI/MSI) circuits (1960-1970s), and to large- and very-large-scale integrated (LSI/VLSI) devices (1970s and beyond).
Computer architecture is really a system concept integrating hardware, software algorithms, and languages to perform large computations. A good computer architect should master all these disciplines. It is the revolutionary advances in integrated circuits and system architecture that have contributed most to the significant improvement of computer performance during the past 40 years. In this section, we review the generations of computer systems and indicate the general tends in the development of high performance computers.
The division of computer systems into generations is determined by the device technology, system architecture, processing mode, and languages used. We consider each generation to have a time span of about 10 years. Adjacent generations may overlap in several years as demonstrated in the is intended to cover both development and use of the machines in various parts of the world. We are currently in the fourth generation, while the fifth generation is not materialized yet.
The Future Computers to be used in the 1990s may be the next generation. Very large-scale integrated (VLSI) chips will be used along with high-density modular design. Multiprocessors like the 16 processors in the S-1 project at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and in the Denelcor’s HEP will be required. Cray-2 is expected to have four processors, to be delivered in 1985. More than 1000 mega float-point operations per second (megaflops) are expected in these future supercomputers.
ROLE OF INTERNET IN FUTURE MOBILE SYSTEM
The Internet has dramatically changed the way of communication and does business. Between 1991 to 1999, the number of domain names with an IP address rose from almost zero in 1991 to by 45,000,000 by 1999.1 From the consumer’s standpoint, the Internet offers the ability to interact with health practitioners online
However, there are numerous barriers that might inhibit telehealth growth on the Internet, including growing delays, costs, and lack of security, reliability and availability on a worldwide basis. The development of Internet2 might help address some of these barriers. Internet2 is a joint venture by academia, the federal government and industry. This group is using a new high-speed backbone network with a core subnetwork consisting of a 2.4-Gbps, 13,000-mile research network to test Internet applications (for example, Internet Protocol (IP) multicasting, differentiated service levels, and advanced security). It will also allow researchers to test and resolve problems such as bandwidth constraints, quality and security issues.
wireless technology is most commonly used for telemetry and emergency medical services. However, in countries that have adapted to digital wireless phone systems. For example, in Japan, Nippon Telephone & Telegraph will provide Internet e-mail access via its wireless phone services to 1 million customers. This year, Japanese companies will also introduce a mobile videophone to its local markets that can transmit live video at 32 kbps. In the Netherlands, Nokia has already introduced the Nokia 9110 Communicator, which can link to a digital camera; store images, and then e-mail them. Nokia’s Communicator will be available very soon.
exposure of radiation from mobile phone&base station
Through public exposure to RF radiation is caused by various sources such as radio,tv broadcast masts,radar operation etc.the one that has caught the attention is the radiation from mobile phones.these operate in the 800-900 &1850-1990 mhz bands respectively.basically rf radiation from mobile phones to public is basically of two types
1-from the base station
2-mobile phones
Exposure from base station:a base station consists of a lower generally mounted on a building at heights between 15 to 30 meters.the tower consists 3diamensional antenna separated by 120 degrees by each other.the rf beam radiating from an antenna is narrow in the plate of elevation,with typical widths between 5&10 degrees.most base stations radiate about 20-40 watts.
Since base station are located in population area,persons living in the path of the beam are exposued to beam continuously.
Exposure from mobile phones:mobile phones consists of a radio transmitter,receiver&antenna through which it transmit&receive signals.the user of mobile phone is exposed toRF fields higher than the base station.it is because,a mobile phones radiates only about 2-3 watts at peak,it is held very close to head.so it gives high radiation to whole body to the user.
SECRET OF LONG GENES
JAPANESE researchers have announced the world”s first discovery of genes from an archaeon living in hot spring,which gives insight into origine of genes.this was founded by proceeding of the National academy of science on 3 february 2009.
the research group from keio university”s institue for advnce biosciences found that combination of three individual RNAs produced from separate genes can genrate transfer RNA(t-rna)that is essential for decoding the genomic information during protein bio synthesis.
furthermore,through computational analysis & experimental verification,the group has found that the different t-RNA ghenes are produced by various combination of split t-RNA.so short genes could have been used in multiple combination.
ARTIFICIAL BLLOD
Blood is life for animals& human being.but now a days there are very shortage of blood.then it comes towards
preparation for artificial blood.blood is a connective tissue transporting oxygen&carbon dioxide from lungs to tissues& vice versa.
blood has many constituents which help in different functions.
the thought of creating artificial blood occured to man way back in the 16th century.the first substance tobe used as a blood substitute was milk.milk was given to patients suffering from asiatic cholera.But,as expected,all the patients are died.
then in 1882,Ringer”s solution is a salaine solution that is able to prolong the life of blood cells.the basic concept behind blood transfusion was understood after path breaking research of karl landesteiner in 1900
Actually artificial blood which is being researched is basically off two types.
1-one function as volume expander
2-other is oxygen carrier
while volume expander are inert& merely iuncrease blood volume,oxygen therapeutics mimic human blood”s oxygen transport ability.researchers are mostly being done on oxygen catagory.
possiblly,in few days we might have a kind of artificial bllod that will be able to completely replace real blood.
FISH LOCATOR WRISTWATCH
Many people spend many worthly afternoons of their lives by the bank of river or lake for waiting fpr fish to bite.
Hummingbird RF35 wrist watch comes with a unique wireless sonar sensor technology that detects fish upto 75 feet away&also those that are located 120 feet deep.this gadget will make fishing so easy.the 1.25 inch display allows checking the information easily in real time.the backlit display helps to catch fish even when it is dark.
SLEEPTRACKER WATCH
Now a days science made mirache&gives marvelous benefits to human society.everything now depends upon advance technology.here is a great example of this technology.all we know that watch is very essential to all at every moment.
Now scientists are developed a watch(wrist watch) to track your sleeping patterns.throughout a sleep term,there are times when you are near a waking state.
-it knows when your personality are in deepest sleep
-when you are also able to wake up refreshed.
-scheduling time.
A slleptracker watch studies your sleep and rings within that window,right at the moment you are closest to the great working state.it serves a very well manner towards human being.
ORIGINE OF MARS& MERCURY
A radically theory of planetary formation has recently been proposed ,acoording to which mars&mercury were formed from the materials from rings circling around the infant sun tht later went into the formation of earth& venus. This theory advanced by Brad Hansen of the university of California,los angels.
MARS MERCURY
It is belived that the earth& other planets in solar systems were formed from a wispy disk of dust &gas that ring the infant sun some 4.5 billion years ago.in the course of events the earth&venus formed with in one particularly thick band or annalus in this thinner solar system.
As the young earth& venus circled the sun,they woded through a sea of pebbles& mountain sized debris.computer simulations carried out by Hansen suggest that mercury&mars could have been formed from such separated debris.
TABACCO-THE FUTURE MEDICINES
All most we know that,tobacoo is injourous to health.but new creation&idea of researcher”s from science made mirachle towards human being&society.now scientistshave modified genetically to these plants for several autoimmune diseases,including diabetes
A large team of scientists from several European research organizations ,created transgenic tobacco plants that would produce biologically-active interleukin-10(il-10),a patent anti-inflammatory cytokine.they tried two different versions of il-10&generated plants in which the protein was targeted to three compartments with in cell which would work mostly.the researchers found that,tobacco plants are able to process both forms of il-10.
The scientists are keen to use plants to see wheather these elements could prevent type-1 diabetes mellitus in combination with antigens associated with disease.actually transgenic plants are attractive system for the production of therapeutic proteins ,because they aroffer the possibility of large scale production of proteins.
In totally it will helpfull for druggist,patients&also human society,but people have to use tobacco in effective manner.
WIMAX-THE NEXT GENERATION
WiMAX
WiMAX STANDS FOR WORLDWIDE INTEROPERABILITY FOR MICROWAVE ACCESS
INTRODUCTION
WiMAX IS A WIRELESS DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM ALSO KNOWN AS IEEE802.16,THAT IS INTENDED FOR WIRELESS”METROPOLIAN AREA NETWORK”.WiMAX CAN PROVIDE BROADBAND WIRELESS ACCESS(W.B.A)UPTO 30 MILES(50 KMS)FIXED STATIONS,&3-10 MILES(5-15KMS)FOR MOBILE STATIONS.
THE IEEE8O2.16 STANDARD DEFINES THE TECHNICAL FEATURES OF COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL THE.WIMAX FORUM OFFERS A MEANS OF TESTING MANUFACTURES EQUIPMENT FOR COMATIBILITY .
WHAT IS WiFi?
WiFi IS AN ACRONYM FOR WIRELESS FIDELITY.WiFi WAS INTENDED TO BE USED FOR MOBILE DEVICES&LANs,BUT IS NOW OFTEN USED FOR INTERNET ACCESS.
FUNCTIONS :
IN PARTICULAR TERMS,WIMAX WOULD OPERATES SIMILAR TO WIFI BUT AT A HIGHER SPEED , OVER GREATER DISTANCES AND FOR A GREATER NO OFUSERS. WIMAX COULD POTENTIALLY ERASE THE SUBURBAN AND RURAL BLACKOUT AREAS THAT CURRENTLY HAVE NO BROADBAND INTERNET ACCES BECOZ PHONE AND CABLE COMPANIES HAVE NOT YET RUN THENECESSARY WIRES TO THOSE REMOTE LOCATIONS.
A WIMAX SYSTEM CONSISTS OF TWO PARTS:
· A WIMAX TOWER ,SIMILAR IN CONCEPT TO A CELL PHONE TOWER –A WIMAX TOWER CAN PROVIDE COVERAGE TO A VERY LARGE AREA AS BIG AS 3000 SQUARE MILES(~8000 SQUARE K.M).
· A WIMAX RECIEVER-THE RECEIVER &ANTENNA COULD BE A SMALL BOX OR( MPCCIA CARD), OR THEY COULD BE BUILT INTO A LAPTOP THE WAY WiFi ACCESS IS TODAY
ADVANTAGES OF WIMAX
:
. WiMAX USES THE LLC LAYER(STANDARDISED BY IEEE 8022) USES BY OTHER LANS & WANS,IT CAN BE BOTH BRIDGED& ROUTED TO THEM.
. IEEE802.16 DEFINES A MAC LAYER THAT SUPPORTS MULTIPLE PHYSICAL LAYER(PHY) SPECIFICATIONS
. IN WiFi THE MAC USES CONTENTION ACCESS CAUSING INTERRUPTION WHICH REDUCES THEIR THROUGHPUT WHEREAS WiMAX HAS A SCHEDULING MAC WHICH WORKS IN TIME SLOTS BY BASE STATIONS
. Single station can serve hundreds of users.
. Much faster deployment of new users comparing to wired networks.
.Speed of 10 Mbps at 10 kilometers with line-OF SITE.
.It is standardized, and same frequency equipment should work together.
DISADVANTAGES OF WIMAX
1) Line of site is needed for longer connections
2) Weather conditions like rain could interrupt the signal.
3) 0ther wireless equipment could cause interference.
4) Multiplied frequencies are used.
5) WiMAX is very power intensive technology and requires strong electrical support.
6) Big installation and operational coast.
CONCLUSIONS
THE OUT STANDING EFFICIENCY ALONG WITH SPEED OF TRANSMISSION(UPTO 70 MBPS) MAKES WiMAX A SORT OUT TECHNOLOGY IN THE FIELD OF WIRELESS NETWORKING.
The next generation of broadband wireless access (BWA) is almost upon us. IEEE 802.16 standard and the WiMAX Forum will enable interoperability and lower price-points that were previously unattainable with proprietary point-to-point (PTP) and point-to-multipoint (PMP) communication scheME.
4G WIRELESS SYSTEM
4G WIRELESS SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
Today is the day of internet. In most field wireless system is very widely used.currently a numbers of technology are used with high speed digital wireless system.meanly cellular phone have short range,low band width facility,which is intend to use internet,like 1G,2G,2.5G,3G ETC.the goal is same; long range,high speed,which of the purpose is called as 4G(FOURTH GENERATION).
TOWRD 4G
Mainly wireless comunication is widely used in mo0biles.it may be depend upon generation designation.
. first generation (1G) systems were used primarily for voice communications
. Second generation (2G) wireless communications systems, which is used mainly for voice transmission and reception
. 2.5G is usually identified as being “fueled ” by General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) along with GSM.
.In 3G systems, are designed for voice and paging services The problem with 3G wireless systems is bandwidth-these systems provide only WAN coverage ranging from 144 kbps (for vehicle mobility applications) to 2 Mbps (for indoor application).
. Segue to 4G, the “next dimension ” of wireless communication, uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Ultra Wide Radio Band (UWB), Mobile speed will be up to 200km/hr.Frequency band is 2 .8 ghz.
TECHNOLOGY
-IT USES OFDM(ortogonal frequency divisional multiplexing).
-in this Ultra Wide Radio Band (UWB), and Millimeter wireless and smart antenna are used in which Data rate of 20mbps is employed.
-4G uses a multi network functional device software which is very helpful for multiple user.
ADVANTAGES:
o Support for interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and other broadband services
o IP based mobile system
o High speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit
o Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services
o Seamless switching, and a variety of Quality of Service driven services
o Better scheduling and call admission control techniques
o Ad hoc and multi hop networks (the strict delay requirements of voice make multi hop network service a difficult problem)
o Better spectral efficiency.
DISADVANTAGES
-expensive.
-battery uses is more.
-hard to impliment
-need to complicated hard ware.
CONCLUSION:
ALL totally the best way to help all parties is to use 4G as the next wireless system.and in totally it is safety&secure for public.this the need that demands the solution.today”s wired society is going wireless& it has problem,4G is answer.
